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Quercus marilandica, the blackjack oak, is a small oak, one of the red oak groupQuercus sect. Lobatae. It is native to the eastern and central United States, from Long Island to Florida, west as far as Texas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska. There are reports of a few isolated populations in southern Michigan, but these appear to represent introductions.^[5][6]

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Quercus marilandica is a small deciduoustree growing to 15 meters (49 feet) tall, with bark cracked into rectangular black plates with narrow orange fissures. The leaves are 7–20 cm (3–8 in) long and broad, and typically flare from a tapered base to a broad three-lobed bell shape with only shallow indentations. They are dark green and glossy above, pubescent underneath, and often remain attached to the twigs through the winter after turning colors from red to brown in the fall. The acorn is small, 12–20 mm (0.47–0.79 in) long and 10–18 mm (0.39–0.71 in) broad; like other red oaks, it takes 18 months to mature.^[7]

Habitat and distribution[edit]

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The blackjack oak grows in poor, thin, dry, rocky or sandy soils where few other woody plants can thrive, usually on low ground, from sea level up to approximately 2,800 feet (850 meters) in altitude. Some say that it does not have the beautiful form of many oaks, but is nonetheless a valuable tree for growing in problem sites.^[8] Some say that the tree is 'tough but ugly', but also underappreciated.^[9][10] At times the tree has even been actively eradicated to provide more room for trees deemed to be more commercially valuable.^[11]

It is sometimes an understory tree in pine stands on sandy knolls in the southeastern US. Along the coastal plain of New Jersey the probability of finding this species is increased in relatively sunny, open areas such as those near coastal salt marshes. It often occurs near scarlet and post oaks as well as pitch pine; understory companions include winged sumac, bracken, sweetfern, and bayberry, and can be found as far north as parts of Ohio^[12] and New York.

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A variety, Quercus marilandica Münchhausen var. asheiSudworth,^[7] grows in the western portions of its range – northern Texas, Oklahoma, and into southern Kansas. In this area, blackjack and post oak form a semi-savanna area composed of forested strips intermixed with prairie grass glades along the eastern edge of the southern Great Plains. This semi-savanna is known as the Cross Timbers.^[13][14][15] Scrub forms of Q. marilandica dominate on many chert glades along with Q.stellata in Arkansas's Ozark plateau.^[16]

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Blackjack oak sometimes hybridizes with bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia), forming a hybrid known as Q. × brittonii.^[17]

Blackjacks in the Cross Timbers can grow from 50 to 60 feet (15 to 18 m) high with a trunk diameter of 16 inches (41 cm), but seldom reach more than 40 feet (12 m). The leaves are from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 cm) in length and about the same width. Blackjack acorns provide food for both whitetail deer and wild turkey. Blackjacks may, however, cause tannic acid poisoning in cattle.

Uses[edit]

The wood is very dense and produces a hot flame when burned, which functions as an excellent source of heat for barbecues and wood-burning stoves. However, the wood is not desirable for wood fireplaces because the heat causes popping, thereby increasing the risk of house fires.^[18]

Traditionally blackjack wood is used as both a fuel and smoke wood for barbecue in Oklahoma.

References[edit]

1. ^Wenzell, K.; Kenny, L. (2015). 'Quercus marilandica'. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2017.old-form url
2. ^Münchhausen, Otto von (1770). 'Verzeichniß der Bäume und Stauden, welche in Deutschland fortkommen'. Der Hausvater. 5. Hannover: Försters und Sohns Erben. pp. 253: diagnosis in Latin, description in German in Teutonic script.
3. ^'Quercus marilandica (L.) Münchh'. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 October 2017 – via The Plant List.
4. ^'Quercus marilandica Münchh'. Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
5. ^'Quercus marilandica Range Map'(PDF). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
6. ^'Quercus marilandica'. County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
7. ^ ^abNixon, Kevin C. (1997). 'Quercus marilandica'. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 3. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 31 October 2017 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
8. ^Liming, Franklin G. (1 March 1942). 'Blackjack Oak in the Missouri Ozarks'. Journal of Forestry. Society of American Foresters. 40 (3): 249–252.
9. ^Klingaman, Gerald (September 22, 2000). 'Plant of the Week: Blackjack Oak'. Extension News. University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
10. ^Nelson, John (12 January 2017). 'Blackjack oak grows in hardscrabble habitat'. Tallahassee Democrat. Tallahassee, Florida. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
11. ^Clark, F. Bryan; Liming, Franklin G. (December 1953), Sprouting of Blackjack Oak in the Missouri Ozarks, Technical Paper No. 137, Division of Forest Management, Central States Forest Experiment Station
12. ^'Blackjack Oak'. What Tree Is It?. Ohio Public Library Information Network and The Ohio Historical Society. 1997.
13. ^Oklahoma Biological Survey (2016). 'Ancient Cross Timbers'. University of Oklahoma. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
14. ^Oklahoma Forestry Services. 'Oklahoma's Forests > Oklahoma's Major Forest Types > Post Oak-Blackjack Forest'. Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food, and Forestry. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
15. ^Engle, David M. (18 March 1997). 'Oak ecology'. Stillwater, Oklahoma: Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
16. ^Hogan, C. Michael (26 November 2012). 'Oak'. In Dawson, A.; Cleveland, C.J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington DC: National Council for Science and the Environment. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013.
17. ^Shapiro, Leo (28 September 2012). 'Quercus marilandica – Blackjack Oak'. Encyclopedia of Life. Biodiversity Heritage Library. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
18. ^Hatch, Stephan L.; Pluhar, Jennifer, eds. (1999). Texas Range Plants. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN0-89096-538-2.

External links[edit]

Uses Of Black Jack Leaves Images

Bidens pilosa is a species of flowering plant in the aster family. It is native to the Americas but it is known widely as an introduced species of other regions, including Eurasia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.^{[2][citation needed]} It is a tall branched weed with thin yellow flowers that develop into a cluster of barbed fruits.^[3] Its many common names include black-jack,^[4]beggar-ticks, cobbler's pegs, sticky beaks, farmer's friends^[5] and Spanish needle.^{[2][6][7][8][9]} The fruits are like short, stiff hairs. They get stuck in feathers, fur, fleeces, clothing, etc.^[10][11] This bur is widespread throughout the warmer regions of the world.^[12] Its little black fruits hook onto clothes or animals and thereby the bur spreads itself around. It is susceptible to hand weeding if small enough, even then must be bagged, and thick mulches may prevent it from growing.^[13] Each fruit has two to four barbed spines.^[14] A weed of gardens, woodlands, and waste areas, people or animals that brush against the plant will get the fruits stuck on their clothing or fur.^[15][16][17] Although this plant is primarily considered a weed, in many parts of the world it is a source of food and medicine.^[18] For example, it is reportedly widely eaten in Africa,^[15] and in Vietnam, during the Vietnam War, soldiers adopted the herb as a vegetable, which lead to it being known as the 'soldier vegetable'.^[19]

Description[edit]

Bidens Pilosa is an annual forb of gracilehabit, growing up to 1.8 meters tall. It grows aggressively on disturbed land and often becomes weedy. The leaves are oppositely arranged and pinnate in form with three to five dentate, ovate-to-lanceolate leaflets. The petioles are slightly winged.^[20]

The plant may flower at any time of the year, but in temperate regions it blooms mainly in summer and autumn. Flowers are borne in small heads on relatively long peduncles. The heads bear about four or five broad white ray florets, surrounding many tubular yellow disc florets. The fruits are slightly curved, stiff, rough black rods, tetragonal in cross section, about 1 cm long, with typically two to three stiff, heavily barbed awns at their distal ends. The infructescences form stellate spherical burrs about one to two centimeters in diameter. The barbed awns catch onto fur or clothing, and can injure flesh. It is an effective means of seed dispersal by zoochory, as the fruits are transported by animals. This mechanism has helped the plant become a noxious weed in temperate and tropical regions.^[20]

Common names[edit]

This plant has many common names in different regions and languages, including:^[2]

• Afrikaans language: knapsekêrel
• Chinese: gui zhen cao
• English: beggar's tick, beggar-ticks, hairy beggar-ticks, black-jack, broom stick, broom stuff, cobbler's pegs, devil's needles, hairy bidens, Spanish needle, farmers friend, Devils Pitchfork
• Central America spanish: Mozote
• Fijian: batimadramadra, matakaro, matua kamate, mbatikalawau, mbatimandramandra
• French: bident hérissé, bident poilu, herbe d'aiguille, herbe villebague, piquants noirs
• Gĩkũyũ: mũcege^[21]
• Hawaiian: kī, nehe, kī nehe, kī pipili
• Japanese: コセンダングサ (ko-sendangusa) and ひっつき虫 (hittsuki-mushi), which stands for plants with burs, or burs in general, are the common names.
• Kifumbira: Inyabalasanya
• Mangareva: tarou, taru
• മലയാളം: Kandanakuthi,കണ്ടനക്കുത്തി
• Māori: koheriki, kohiriki^[22]
• Māori (Cook Islands): kamika tuarongo, piripiri, nīroa, piripiri nīroa, piripiri kerekere
• Mufindi: Mabangalala
• Myanmar: ta-sae-ut
• Niuean: kofetoga, kofetonga
• Philippines: pisau-pisau
  • Bontoc language: nguad, puriket
  • Ivatan language: dadayem
• Portuguese: amor-de-burro, picão, picão-preto
• Pukapukan: pilipili
• Spanish: acetillo, amor seco, arponcito, asta de cabra, cacho de cabra, masquia, mazote, papunga chipaca, pega-pega, perca, sirvulaca; (Canary Islands) Amorsecano
• Tahitian: piripiri
• Tongan: fisi‘uli
• Ukrainian: chereda
• Vietnamese: xuyến chi
• Wallisian: tae puaka
• Cambodia: ភិដែន
• Shona language Zimbabwe Mutsine

Traditional uses[edit]

In traditional Chinese medicine, this plant is considered a medicinal herb, called xian feng cao (Chinese: 咸豐草).^{[citation needed]}. In traditional Bafumbira medicine, this plant is applied on a fresh wound and is known to be a medicinal herb, called inyabalasanya.^{[citation needed]}

Chemistry[edit]

Almost two hundred compounds have been isolated from B. pilosa, especially polyacetylenes and flavonoids.^[23] The plant contains the chalconeokanin^[24] and ethyl caffeate, a hydroxycinnamic acid.^[25]

Extracts of B. pilosa suppressed the growth of isolated adult T-cell leukemia cells in vitro.^[26]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^The Plant List, Bidens pilosa L.
2. ^ ^abcBidens pilosa. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). USFS.
3. ^'Spanish needles: definition of Spanish needles in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)'. www.oxforddictionaries.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
4. ^'BSBI List 2007'. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original(xls) on 2015-01-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
5. ^https://www.survival.org.au/bf_bidens_pilosa.php
6. ^'Bidens pilosa in Flora of North America @ efloras.org'. www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
7. ^Flora of China, 鬼针草 gui zhen cao Bidens pilosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 832. 1753.
8. ^Altervista Flora Italiana, Forbicina pelosa, Bidens pilosa L. includes photos and European distribution map
9. ^Atlas of Living Australia, Bidens pilosa L., Cobbler's Peg
10. ^'Plant Discoveries Sherwin Carlquist Island Biology LOSS of DISPERSIBILITY on ISLANDS'. www.sherwincarlquist.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
11. ^'beggarticks: definition of beggarticks in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)'. www.oxforddictionaries.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
12. ^'Factsheet - Bidens pilosa'. keyserver.lucidcentral.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
13. ^'Sustainable Horse Keeping'. goldcoasthorse.com.au. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
14. ^Multimedia, Acura. '*Bidens pilosa — Noosa's Native Plants'. noosanativeplants.com.au. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
15. ^ ^ab'Bidens pilosa - Cobbler's Pegs - Edible Weeds and Bush Tucker Plant Foods'. www.survival.org.au. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
16. ^'Dangars Falls and Salisbury Waters'. www.donsmaps.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
17. ^'Elizabeth and Rob'. elizabeth-nowell.blogspot.com.es. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
18. ^Grubben, G. J. H. & O. A. Denton. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
19. ^Tanaka, Yoshitaka; Van Ke, Nguyen (2007). Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden. Thailand: Orchid Press. p. 38. ISBN978-9745240896.
20. ^ ^abFlora of North America, Bidens pilosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 832. 1753.
21. ^Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English Dictionary, p. 51. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
22. ^'Plant Use Details of Bidens pilosa'. Landcare Research. Archived from the original on June 19, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
23. ^Silva, F. L., et al. (2011). Compilation of secondary metabolites from Bidens pilosa. Molecules 16(2), 1070-1102.
24. ^Presence of Compounds in Picao preto (Bidens pilosa). Raintree Nutrition.
25. ^Chiang, Y., et al. (2005). Ethyl caffeate suppresses NF-κB activation and its downstream inflammatory mediators, iNOS, COX-2, and PGE2 in vitro or in mouse skin.Br J Pharmacol. 146(3) 352–63. PMID16041399
26. ^Nakama, S., et al. (2011). .Anti-adult T-cell leukemia effects of Bidens pilosa.International Journal of Oncology 38(4), 1163-73. PMID21318218

External links[edit]

• PROTAbase Record display for Bidens pilosa. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA). Retrieved on 12 April 2010.

Benefits Of Black Jack Leaves